International Management for Power Orientation - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Management for Power Orientation. Answer: Making Sense Of Cultural Differences Cultural differences are important factors to consider, especially for business people with an intent of maintaining stability or joining the international markets entrepeneurship ( Feraro Briody, 2015). Cultural differences dimensions are divided into different aspects which consist of values that determine person's behavior and actions towards certain situations. The value orientation of cultural differences dimensions is; social orientation, power orientation, goal orientation and uncertainty orientation (Feraro Briody, 2015). Another important value orientation that determines cultural differences across the world are; Man-nature, time, activity and relational orientations.The man nature orientation is about people's culture and their environment. Time orientation is to do with historical existence, activity orientation deals with economic social events within a cultural concept, whereas the relational orientation focuses on the leaders role in ensuring the well-being of the su bjects. Williams 2016, argues that it is important to have a knowledge of the relationship between people and their environment in determining an individual culture. This is because the behavior of people within a cultural concept is determined by people's knowledge of their environment. The characteristics determining cultural value orientation are attitudes, behavior, culture and values. These features identify the differences and similarities of human interactions. Fundamentals Of Cross-Cultural Interactions Humans cognitions plays a significant role in determining our cultural interactions. Humans, use their cognition in constructing their behaviors concerning what happened in the past and the current experiences then relate it to future predictions. For instance; in studying culture, scholars often relate the past cultural experiences to present experiences then relate the influence of the experience to future generations. However, this may lead to biases as individuals from different societies have various experience categorizations. Using cognitive recognitions in determining cultural interactions creates stereotypes that may hinder the successful cultural interactions. Psychologically, the brain functionality is often more self-centered as it wants individuals to think positively of themselves than of others. The innermost part of the brain usually forms judgments of individuals events even before they meeting based on the general knowledge, thus impacting on positive or negative b iases based on selective perceptions or projected similarities. Nonetheless, people often tend to place positive judgments of people from their ingroups and judge other societies based on their beliefs thus categorizing the societies as unsuccessful. Cognition also leads to stereotyping which may lead to disunity, hatred, and conflicts.Racism is an example of the most prevalent stereotype that hinders cultural diversity ( Siu Lo,2013). Cultural Intelligence Cultural intelligence is an individual ability to overcome stereotypes and view their aesthetic and that of others from a different nonbiased perspective ( Crowne, 2013). Cultural intelligence is based on the assumptions that cross-cultural interactions can only be achieved in non-conflicting situations as conflicting circumstances causes communication disagremnets (Vernon,2014). There is need to combine cultural intelligence with other forms of intelligence such as cognitive inteligence, behavioral intelligence and emotional intelligence. Cognitive intelligence requires individuals to possess knowledge of cognitive capabilities of mental processes such as cultural-specific knowledge, general cultural knowledge, and mindfulness. These attributes help an individual to avoid unnecessary judgments on other cultures. For example, the cultural-specific knowledge helps an individual have an idea of a particular culture, the general knowledge help an individual develop general assumptions b ased on the culture while mindfulness erases all the stereotypes. Behavioral intelligence encompasses adjustability, competence, individual behavior consciousness and willingness to learn other peoples culture. Emotional intelligence deals with self-confidence, ability to learn and interact with other cultures and capacity to set values and goals aimed at fostering successful cultural interactions. Cultural intelligence can be promoted by developing a dialect logic through self-awareness, mindfulness, and ability to accommodate new information through participation. Communicating With Strangers Communication is the message sharing and transfer process. A communication channel involves a sender, receiver, and a message. Effective communication usually occurs with the minimization of gaps between sent messages, received messages and the response to the signals ( Moran et al.,2014). Cross-cultural communication process occurs when a message encoded in one culture is decoded in another culture. The critical cultural communication process takes place when an individual communicates with a stranger. Communication with strangers is never a perfect nor impressive scenario due to difficulties and comfort that these communication processes causes. There are variations by which messages are encoded and decoded in different cultures. This is because communication process among cultures is dependent on the language, words being used in communication and societal attitudes. Language affects communication due to similarities of language across cultures thus causing communication barriers. Words cause cross-cultural communication difficulties as some words may be the same in more than one societies but mean differently in other cultures ( Kinloch, and Metge,2014 ). Societal attitudes in communications may also contribute to communication differences due to emotional communications procedures. For instance,in other societies people seems to communicate on high emotions while in other communicate on neutral feelings. Ethical Decision Making In An International Context There are close interrelations between ethics, culture, and communication. Ethics guide a person's moral principle based on their beliefs or societal belief (Shaw Barry,2014). Moral principles arising from ethical behaviors determines an individual decision towards an action. The International business communication process is a more complex and interactive process that requires quality decision-making skills and high standard ethical principles application. Ethical issues are more involved in global context due to; competition, stakeholder multiplicity, cultural differences, legislative frameworks, transparency, and visibility. An international entrepreneur should practice high ethical standards due to global market competitiveness that requires an individual to behave in an acceptable way. The entrepreneur must also practice transparency and visibility about the legislative structures of the business as people view ethical perspectives based on action, intentions, and consequences . Ethics are also based on absolute truth and cultural relevant truth. International global communication requires the application of cooperate social responsibility which is geared towards benefiting all individuals from an environmental, personnel, equality participatory and product and supplier perspective. Ethical decision-making framework is based on; legal obligations, an industry code of conduct., Code of Ethics, Employee guidelines, superior colleagues and mentors ( determines the level of authority within an organization), personal ethical standards and evaluation and reflection process. Work Cited Crowne, K.A., 2013. Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: An exploratory study.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,13(1), pp.5-22. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Kinloch, P. and Metge, J., 2014.Talking past each other: Problems of cross-cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Shaw, W.H. and Barry, V., 2015.Moral issues in business. Cengage Learning. Siu, W.S. and Lo, E.S.C., 2013. Cultural contingency in the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,37(2), pp.147-173. Vernon, P.E., 2014.Intelligence and Cultural Environment (Psychology Revivals). Routledge. Williams Jr, R., 2016. Waterman: The Life and Times of Duke Kahanamoku by David Davis (review).Hawaiian Journal of History,50(50), pp.153-15